Abbreviations
Living with the oceans.

Abbreviations

> We have made a determined effort to explain all organizations and key technical terms at the beginning of each chapter. Because the subsequent text often includes abbreviations, all of the important ones are listed here for reference.

A

AABW
Antarctic Bottom Water
ABMT
Area-based Management Tools
ABNJ
Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction
ABS
Australian Bureau of Statistics
ACGF
Arctic Coast Guard Forum
ACs
Advisory Councils
AECO
Association of Arctic Expedition Cruise Operators
AEPS
Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy
AGGI
Annual Greenhouse Gas Index
AIDCP
Agreement on the International Dolphin Conservation Programme
AIS
Automatic Identification System
AMAP
Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme
AMERB
Áreas de Manejo y Explotación de Recursos Bentónicos; Management and Exploitation Areas for Benthic Resources
AMOC
Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation
APEI
Area of particular environmental interest
ARCSAR
Arctic and North Atlantic Security and Emergency Preparedness Network
ARGO
International Deep-Sea-Drifterprogramme
ARGO
Array for Realtime Geostrophic Oceanograph
ASC
Aquaculture Stewardship Council; quality label for socially and ecologically sustainable aquaculture
ASCOBANS
Agreement on the Conservation of Small Cetaceans of the Baltic and North Seas
ASFR
Arctic Security Forces Roundtable
ASOC
Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition
ATCM
Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting
ATS
Antarctic Treaty System
AUD
Currency code of Australian dollar
AUV
Autonomous Underwater Vehicle
AWIPEV
German-French Arctic research station operated by the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) and the Polar Institute Paul-Émile Victor (IPEV) in Ny-Ålesund on Spitsbergen, Svalbard
AZT
Azidothymidine; medication

B

B
Biomass
BLim
Limit biomass
BMSY
Biomass maximum sustainable yield
BPA
Biomass precautionary approach
BALEX
Baltic Exercise (international oil-spill response exercise in the Baltic Sea)
BASF
German chemical group
BB
Bornholm Basin
BBNJ
Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction
BECCS
Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage
BEF
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning
BGR
Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe; German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources
BOBLME
Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem
BONNEX
Bonn Convention Exercise (international oil-spill response exercise in the North Sea)
BOP
Blowout preventer (for gas and oil from a well)
BRIC
Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC States)
BSEE
US Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement
BSH
German Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency
BSR
Bottom simulating reflector

C

Ca
Symbol of calcium
CaCO3
Chemical formula for calcium carbonate (lime)
CAFF
Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna
CAMLR
Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
CARA
Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal
CARIBE EWS
Caribbean and Adjacent Regions Early Warning System
CaSiO3
Chemical formula for silicate rocks
CBD
Convention on Biological Diversity
CCAMLR
Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
CCAS
Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals
CCBSP
Convention on the Conservation and Management of Pollock Resources in the Central Bering Sea
CCLME
Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem
CCS
Carbon Capture and Storage
CCSBT
Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna
CCU
Carbon Capture and Utilization
CCZ
Clarion-Clipperton Zone
CDR
Carbon Dioxide Removal
CFCA
Community Fisheries Control Agency
CFCs
Chlorofluorocarbons
CFP
Common Fisheries Policy
CH4
Chemical formula for methane
CIS
Commonwealth of Independent States
CITES
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
CKW
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
CLCS
Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf
CLIA
Cruise Lines International Association
CMI
China Merchants Industry Holdings
CMS
Convention on Migratory Species
CNCR
Constant Natural Capital Rule
CNPC
China National Petroleum Corporation
CO2
Chemical formula for carbon dioxide
COL
Consortium for Ocean Leadership
COMNAP
Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs
COS
Center for Oceans Solutions
Cosco
China Ocean Shipping (Group) Company
CPUE
Catch per unit effort
CRAMRA
Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities
CSI
Cetacean Society International
CZM
Coastal Zone Management
CZMAI
Coastal Zone Management Authority and Institute

D

DAC
Direct Air Capture
DACCS
Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage
DACCU
Direct Air Carbon Capture and Utilization
DART
Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
DDT
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; insecticide
DESA
Department of Economic and Social Affairs
DHA
Docosahexaenoic acid
DIC
Dissolved inorganic carbon
DISCOL
Disturbance and Recolonization (research project)
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DOALOS
Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea
DOE
US Department of Energy
DSCC
Deep Sea Conservation Coalition
dwt
Deadweight Tonnage

E

EBSA
Ecologically or biologically significant marine area
ECA
Emission Control Areas
ECJ
European Court of Justice
ECMT
European Conference of Ministers of Transportation
EEC
European Economic Community
EEX
European Energy Exchange
EEZ
Exclusive Economic Zone
EIA
Environmental Impact Assessment
EMSEA
European Marine Science Educators Association
EOR
Enhanced Oil Recovery (for example injection of gases)
EPA
Eicosapentaenoic acid
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
EPPPs
Environmentally Persistent Pharmaceutical Pollutants
EPPR
Emergency Prevention, Preparedness and Response
EU
European Union
EU ETS
European Union Emissions Trading System

F

F
Fishing mortality rate
FLIM
Fishing mortality rate limit biomass
FPA
Precautionary fishing mortality rate
FAO
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FDA
Food and Drug Administration
FMP
Fishery management plan
FPSO
Floating production storage and offloading units

G

GAO
Government Accountability Office
GATT
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GB
Gotland Basin
GD
Gdansk Basin
GDP
Gross Domestic Product
GEF
Global Environment Facility
GESAMP
Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection
GFCM
General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean
GFP
Common Fisheries Policy of the European Union
GHSZ
Gas hydrate stability zone
GIS
Geo-informations system
GLODAP
Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
GOBI
Global Ocean Biodiversity Initiative
GOF
Global Ocean Forum
GOODS
Global Open Oceans and Deep-Sea habitats (research report)
GPML
Global Partnership on Marine Litter
GPS
Global Positioning System
GRACE
Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment
GRT
Gross Register Tonnage
Gt
Gigatonne

H

H+
Hydrogen cation (also termed proton
HABs
Harmful Algal Blooms
H2 CO3
Chemical formula for carbonic acid
HCO3 -
Chemical formula for hydrogen carbonate ion
HELCOM
Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (Helsinki Commission)
HHI
Herfindahl-Hirschman Index
HLPF
High-Level Political Forum on Sustainable Development
HNLC
High nutrient, low chlorophyll
H2O
Chemical formula for water
HSDRRS
Hurricane and Storm Damage Risk Reduction System

I

IAATO
International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators
IAM
Integrated Assessment Model
IATTC
Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission
ICC
International Coastal Cleanup
ICCAT
International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas
ICES
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
ICJ
International Court of Justice
ICM
Integrated Coastal Management
ICP
Informal Consultative Process (on Oceans and the Law of the Sea)
ICRI
International Coral Reef Initiative
ICS
International Chamber of Shipping
ICSF
International Collective in Support of Fishworkers
ICSU
International Council for Science
ICSU/SCAR
ICSU Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
ICSU/SCOR
ICSU Scientific Committee on Ocean Research
ICZM
Integrated Coastal Zone Management
IEA
International Energy Agency
IJC
International Joint Commission
ILO
International Labour Organization
IMBER
Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research
IMO
International Maritime Organisation
IMTA
Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture
InaTEWS
Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System
ILO
International Labour Organization
IOC
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
IOC CARIBE
IOC Sub-Commission for the Caribbean and Adjacent Regions
IOC WESTPAC
IOC Sub-Commission for the Western Pacific
IOC AFRICA
IOC Sub-Commission for Africa and the Adjacent Island States
IOI
International Ocean Institute
IOPC
International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds
IOTC
Indian Ocean Tuna Commission
IOTWS
Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System
IPANEMA
Initiative Partenariale Nationale pour l’émergence des Energies Marines; National Initiative for the Promotion of Marine Energy
IPBES
Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiver- sity and Ecosystem Services
IPCC
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPSO
International Programme on the State of the Ocean
ISA
International Seabed Authority
ISM-Code
International Management Code for the Safe Operation of Ships and for Pollution Prevention
ISSF
Information System on Small-Scale Fisheries
ITLOS
International Tribunal for the Law of the Seas
ITQs
Individual transferable quotas
IUCN
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
IUU-fishing
Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing /dd>
IWC
International Whaling Commission Glossary

J

Jabodetabek
A conurbation comprising the cities of Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang and Bekasi
JIT
Just-in-time-Produktion
JMA
Japan Meteorological Agency
JOGMEC
Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation

K

KSpG
Kohendioxid-Speicherungsgesetz; German Carbon ­Capture and Storage Act

L

LC
London Convention – Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter
LCA
Life cycle assessment
LCD
Liquid crystal display
LECZ
Low Elevation Coastal Zone
LED
Light emitting diode
LGM
Last Glacial Maximum
LME
Large Marine Ecosystem
LMMA
Locally-Managed Marine Area Network
LNG
Liquefied Natural Gas
LOHAFEX
Experiment of fertilizing the oceans with iron
LP
London Protocol; Updating LC

M

MA
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
MARPOL
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships
MBI
Monaco Blue Initiative
MDGs
Millennium Development Goals
MEA
Multilateral Environmental Agreement
MEABR
Management and Exploitation Areas for Benthic Resources
MEY
Maximum economic yield
MIT
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MMO
Marine Management Organisation
MOU
Memorandum of Understanding
MPA
Marine Protected Area
MRSA
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
MSC
Marine Stewardship Council; non-profit organization, founded of WWF and Unilever for certification of products from sustainable fishing
MSC
Munich Security Conference
MSFCM
Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act
MSFD
Marine Strategy Framework Directive
MSP
Marine Spatial Planning
MSY
Maximum sustainable yield
MW
Megawatt

N

NADW
North Atlantic Deep Water
NAFO
Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement
NAO
North Atlantic oscillation Glossary
NASCO
North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NbS
Nature-based Solutions
NDCs
Nationally determined contributions
NEAFC
North East Altlantic Fisheries Commission
NEAMTWS
North-Eastern Atlantic, the Mediterranean and Connected Seas Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System
NEGIS
North East Greenland Ice Stream
NGO
Non-governmental organisation
NLWKN
Lower Saxony Water Management, Coastal Defence and Nature Conservation Agency
N2O
Chemical formula for nitrous oxide, also termed laughing gas
NOAA
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NOWPAP
Northwest Pacific Action Plan
NSR
Northern Sea Route
NTZ
No Take Zone

O

OBS
Ocean-bottom seismometer
OCR
Ocean Conservation Research
OECD
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OHI
Ocean Health Index
OMZ
Oxygen Minimum Zone
OOC
Our Ocean Conference; annual event
OPA
Oil Pollution Act
OPEC
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
OSPAR
Oslo and Paris Convention; Convention for the Protection oft the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic
OTEC
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
OWG
Open Working Group

P

PA
Precautionary approach
PAHs
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
PacMara
Pacific Marine Analysis and Research Association
PAME
Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment
PANC
Patrulla Antártica Naval Combinada
PATg
Patent Act
PBDE
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers
PCBs
Polychlorinated biphenyls
PCZ
Prime crust zone
PDV
Phocine Distemper Virus
PEMSEA
Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia
PETM
Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum
PFAS
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances
PFCs
Polyfluorinated compounds
PFOA
Perfluorooctanoic acid
PFOS
Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid
POPs
Persistent organic pollutants
PFOS
Perfluorooctane sulfonate
ppm
Parts per million
ppt
Parts per thousand
PSC
Port State Control
PSMA
Agreement on Port State Measures to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing
PSSA
Particularly sensitive sea area
PTWC
Pacific Tsunami Warning Center

R

RAC
Regional advisory council
RCPs
Representative Concentration Pathways
REACH
Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals
REMPEC
Regional Marine Pollution Emergency Response Centre for the Mediterranean Sea
RFB
Regional Fisheries Body
RFMO
Regional Fisheries Management Organisation
RNA
Ribonucleic Acid
ROV
Remotely Operated Vehicle
RP
Reference point
RPEN
Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration of Polymetallic Nodules
RSP
Regional Seas Programme
RuBisCO
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphat-carboxylase/-oxygenase

S

SAICM
Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management
SAR
Search and Rescue
SCAR
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
SCR
Suez Canal Route
SEAFO
South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation
SDGs
Sustainable Development Goals
Si4+
Chemical formula for silicon cation
SiO2
Chemical formula for silicon oxide
SIOFA
South Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement
SMPAs
Special Marine Protected Areas
SOFIA-Report
The state of world fisheries and aquaculture
SOI
Sustainable Ocean Initiative
SOLAS
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea
SOPAC
Secretariat of the Pacific Community Applied Geoscience and Technology Division
SOS
Sea swell-independent oil skimmer
SPRFMO
South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation
SRFC
Sub-Regional Fisheries Commission
SSPs
Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
STECF
Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries

T

TAC
Total allowable catch
TBT
Tributyltin
TBTI
Too Big To Ignore
TEU
Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit
TEV
Total Economic Value
TLP
Tension leg platform
TNT
Trinitrotoluene; explosive material
TRIPS
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
TURFs
Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries
TWh
Terawatt-hour

U

UN
United Nations
UNCCD
United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, particularly in Africa
UNCED
United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
UNCLOS
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas Glossary
UNCLOS III
Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea
UNCTAD
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNDG
UN Development Group
UNDP
UN Development Programme
UNEA
United Nations Environment Assembly
UNEP
United Nations Environment Programme
UNESCO
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNFCCC
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
UNFSA
United Nations Straddling Fish Stocks Agreement
UNHCR
United Nations Human Rights Council
UN-OHRLLS
UN Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States
UNGA
United Nations General Assembly
UNSG
Secretary-General of the UN
UNWTO
United Nations World Tourism Organization
USD
Currency code of US american dollar
USGS
United States Geological Survey
UV
ultraviolet

V

VDS
Vessel Detection System
VME
Vulnerable marine ecosystem
VMS
Vessel Monitoring System
VOS
Voluntary Observing Ships Programme

W

WBGU
Wissenschaftlicher Beirat der Bundesregierung Globale Umweltveränderungen; German Advisory Council on Global Change
WCED
World Commission on Environment and Development
WCPFC
Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission
WEP
Wind Energy Plant
WMO
World Meteorological Organization
WOC
World Ocean Council
WSSD
World Summit on Sustainable Development
WTA
willingness to accept
WTO
World Trade Organization
WTP
willingness to pay
WWF
World Wide Fund For Nature